Editing Madagascar

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{{CountryPageHeader|Solar Cookers - Saving Madagascar's Forests Global 3000|[[ADES]] employed over 150 local people in various professions in eight communities as of 2018, including carpenters who produce [[solar box cooker]]s in Tulear, Madagascar.}}
==Events==
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=={{FeaturedProjectTitle}}==
[[File:PhotoE.jpg|thumb|300px|[[ADES]] employed over 150 local people in various professions in eight communities as of 2018, including carpenters who produce [[solar box cooker]]s in Tulear, Madagascar. - ''Photo credit: ADES'']]
[[File:PhotoF.jpg|thumb|300px|Parabolic cookers and solar box cookers can work in a complementary fashion to meet a variety of cooking needs (photo: ADES) ]]
*'''Long term investment in Madagascar has created a thriving solar cooking enterprise'''- Since 2001, the [[Association pour le Développement de l’Energie Solaire]] (ADES) has been making and selling solar cookers in the southwestern part of Madagascar, providing much-needed cooking alternatives as well as employment for over 30 local carpenters and trainers. In 2003, ADES built its first permanent solar cooker construction workshop in Tulear. A second construction workshop was established in Ejeda in 2006, followed in 2008 by a workshop in Morondava. Each of these regional centers also has sales and demonstration offices. Future plans include development of a fourth regional center in Anosy or Antandroy, and the creation of two or three local branches within each region to reduce transportation distances and increase outreach capacity. According to ADES, southwestern Madagascar experiences about 330 sunny days per year and is a nearly ideal region for solar cooking. However, per capita income in Madagascar is only about $400 per year, making it difficult for families to afford solar cookers and spend their meager income on a technology they are not familiar with. Rising firewood and charcoal costs over the past few years are making solar cookers comparatively more affordable, but still out of reach for many. Subsidies have mostly come from donors in Switzerland and a handful of awards. The Madagascar government has provided some additional support, partnering with ADES to promote renewable energy in Tulear. Hand-crafted wooden [[solar box cooker]]s, produced locally for upwards of $200 each, are sold at a subsidized price of just over $20. These cookers reach temperatures of up to {{Degree|150}}, and are commonly used to cook rice, various root vegetables, meat, fish, bread, and cakes. Metal [[parabolic solar cooker]]s are assembled locally for about $160 each, from aluminum and steel parts made by another local organization at an already subsidized price. The parabolic cookers are then sold at a subsidized price of about $50. These cookers reach even higher temperatures, but require stirring of food and more frequent adjustments to track the sun. They are particularly useful for frying and can work in a complementary fashion with solar box cookers. Both cookers come with 7-year warranties. By the end of 2009, ADES had sold 4,640 solar cookers. It hopes to ramp up its outreach and sales capacity with funding from carbon credit offsets.

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=={{HeadingNews}}==
[[File:ADES_devices_2019.jpg|right|300px]]
*{{NewJul19}}'''January 2019: July 2019: [[ADES]] reports figures at the end of 2018''' - More than 1.2 million people have benefited from lower fuel costs, significantly better indoor air quality and a lower risk of fire accidents thanks to ADES stoves. To date, the 220,000 energy-efficient stoves sold have protected over 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> of Madagascan forest. Today, 4.6% of Madagascan households use ADES stoves. In fact, over 1.4 million tons of {{CO2}} have been reduced with the same amount of wood saved. Approximately 520 hours of wood collection are eliminated per year per household with an ADES cooker.  The cost of the fuel is about a quarter of the average monthly salary. And this in a country where 92% of the population lives on less than USD 2 a day and about 85% has no access to electricity. ADES energy-saving cookers reduce the need for wood or coal by more than 50% - an extremely valuable amount for the small household budget. [[Media:2019_Who_is_ADES_EN.pdf|See ADES Annual Report for 2018]].
*{{NewNov17}}'''November 2017:''' [[Regula Ochsner]], of [[Association pour le Développement de l'Energie Solaire]], reports their solar cooking activity in [[Madagascar]] has remained busy, but not at the levels of recent years. She explained that with the development of cheaper [[:Category:Improved combustion stoves|improved-combustion stoves]], solar cooker sales have dropped to approximately 500 units a year from 1,500 units previously. Their efforts have paid off however, with the creation of 460 jobs, of which 150 were within ADES itself. Below, cooks are busy preparing meals with solar cookers manufactured at ADES facilities. 
::<gallery widths="250">
Parabolic cooking, ADES, 11-29-17.png|- ''Photo credit: ADES''
Box cooker cooking, ADES, 11-29-17.png|- ''Photo credit: ADES''
Woman and child box cooking, ADES, 11-29-17.png|Attending to the meal - ''Photo credit: ADES''
</gallery>

*{{NewJul16}}'''July 2016:''' ADES is chosen as one of [http://www.100projetspourleclimat.gouv.fr/en/ 100 Projects for the Environment].

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=={{HeadingHistory}}==
{{SubSection|Early attempts to introduce solar cooking}}
Madagascar, with its unique biological diversity, has attracted the attention of 
environmentalists from around the world to come to its rescue. It is somewhat surprising then to 
learn that historically, little has been done to curtail the use of fuelwood as the major cooking energy for the population. Around one-fifth of the island's land has forest cover, which has 
diminished at nearly 1% annually (FAO, 2003). A representative of the country, 
speaking at the Varese meeting in 1999, spoke of solar experimentation in the 1970s, 
revived in the 90s as deforestation worsened, but with little progress in mass 
implementation. The initial introduction was principally with [[parabolic]]s, but later the 
[[solar box oven]] was introduced and enthusiastically endorsed. The report called on 
governments, non-governmental organizations, and businesses to attempt to establish a 
strong national program, urging that international research and development be done 
cooperatively and shared widely with smaller nations.
{{SubSection|SALFA}}
One program operating in Madagascar was run by the medical arm (SALFA) of the Malagasy Lutheran Church. SALFA has operated 25 hospitals throughout the country. Dr. Stanley Quanback and his wife, medical missionaries in the country, initiated the project and helped to develop collaboration with another medical organization, Pathologists Overseas. Teaching materials and consultation were provided to the volunteers by California volunteer, Alice Hoenecke, sociologist Agnes Rasamimampianina , and nutritionist Sosanna Suzanne, the latter two employees of SALFA and 
citizens of the country.

The group began by training women in one village in a semiarid region of the 
country. The trainees were hospital staff members and members of a churchwomen's 
organization. As stated above, fuelwood was becoming very scarce and expensive. Miss 
Sosanna directed the project, supervising 15 trainers who went on to work in 11 villages. 
Primary health centers were usually the site for training in the use of solar cookers. They 
estimated, as of 2003, that there were 1,000 users and others begging to have solar 
cookers made available to them.[http://www.solarcooking.org/newsletters/scrnov01.htm#Solar%20Relief%20for%20Madagascar%20Cooks Relief for Madagascar Cooks]
{{SubSection|Association pour le Développement de l'Energie Solaire}}
Another project in Madagascar was initiated by l'[[Association pour le Développement de l'Energie Solaire]] (ADES), an NGO and a non-profit organization that has produced solar cookers in Madagascar and supports the use of renewable energy sources. It started in Tuléar in the south of Madagascar in 2001. Local production by local people with local material has been part of the [[ADES]] philosophy.
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=={{HeadingClimateCulture}}==

[[Solar Cookers International]] has rated Madagascar as the #19 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: [[Media:25_countries_with_most_solar_cooking_potential.pdf|The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential]]). The estimated number of people in Madagascar with fuel scarcity but ample sun in 2020 is 3,000,000.

From [[Association pour le Développement de l'Energie Solaire]]: For centuries the population of Madagascar has been cooking their food with [[charcoal]], which requires vast amounts of [[firewood]] in its production. About 90% of the original forest in Madagascar has been destroyed. It is not any more a green island but becomes more and more a red one. Madagascar has, especially in the south and southwest regions of the country, close to ideal conditions for the use of solar energy. The solar cookers and efficient stoves are an important contribution towards halting the deforestation process. Besides environmental reasons, there are also economical and practical reasons to favor the solar cooker. Families spend less money on wood and charcoal, and cooking with the solar cooker saves having to cook over smoky fires and avoid the associated respiratory disease. 

'''See also'''
*{{WikipediaClimate|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar#Climate}}
*{{NewAug19}}{{EnergySituationEnergypedia}}
*[[Africa#Southern_Africa|Discussion of southern Africa's suitability for solar cooking]]<br />
*[[Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables]]

==Resources==
{{ContinentInfo|Africa}}
===Construction plans in Malagasy===
*[[Media:Box_cooker_plans_Malagasy.pdf|Solar box cooker construction plan]]

==={{HeadingProjectEvals}}===
*{{NewNov16}}'''August 2015:''' [[Media:ADES_cooker_output_2015.pdf|ADES report on challenges of solar cooker promotion]] - Short report by the [[Association pour le Développement de l'Energie Solaire]] detailing reasons they have moved away from solar cooking and toward [[:Category:Fuel-efficient wood stoves|fuel-efficient woodstoves]]

*'''February 2014:''' [[Media:Life_Cycle_Assessment_and_Environmental_Impact_Evaluation_of_the_Parabolic_Solar_Cooker_SK14_in_Madagascar,_4-2014.pdf|Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Impact Evaluation of the Parabolic Solar Cooker SK14 in Madagascar]] - ''Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2014''

==={{HeadingDocuments}}===
*{{NewJul19}}'''July 2019:''' [[Media:2019_Who_is_ADES_EN.pdf|ADES Annual Report for 2018]]
*{{NewApr18}}'''January 2018:''' From development aid towards an economic factor: sustainable production of clean cookstoves in Madagascar ([[Media:ADES_-_La_Cuisine_Solaire_-_CONSOLFOOD_2018_-_Christian_Frost.pdf|Slides]], [[Media:L8_Christian_Frost_(Abstract).pdf|Abstract]]) - ''Christian Frost''

===Articles in the media===
*{{NewJul16}}'''July 2016:''' [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/world/africa/africas-charcoal-economy-is-cooking-the-trees-are-paying.html Africa’s Charcoal Economy Is Cooking. The Trees Are Paying] - ''New York Times''
*'''November 2008:''' [http://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/travel/33147/akany-avoko-a-safe-haven Akany Avoko - A safe haven] - ''Otago Daily Times''
*'''July 2008:''' {{GoogleLinkFromFrench|http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/Un-four-solaire-ADES-sauve-22,7436.html|Un four solaire ADES sauve 22 tonnes de bois| Madagascar Tribune}}
*'''June 2008:''' [http://www.pressebox.de/pressemeldungen/tritec-international-ag/boxid-185917.html TRITEC finances the 1st Solar Village in Madagascar] - ''PresseBox''

===Audio and video===
*'''May 2012:''' 
::[[File:Solar Cookers - Saving Madagascar's Forests Global 3000|thumb|400px|none]]

===External links===
*[http://solarcooking.org/francais/solarcooking-faq-french.htm Questions courantes sur les fours solaires]
{{CountryContacts}}
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Africa]]
[[Category:East Africa]]
[[Category:Madagascar]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries]]
[[Category:Countries with the greatest solar cooking potential]]